Effect of Alloying and Microalloying Elements on Carbides of High-Speed Steel: An Overview

In high-speed steel, carbides are essential phase constituents, which have a direct impact on engineering performance and qualities of high-speed steel. The formation, morphology, and distribution of carbides are dictated by alloying elements. In this paper, various types of carbides in high-speed steel are presented. The effects of different alloying elements such as C, W, Mo, Cr, and V on the formation of carbides in high-speed steel are discussed. Research progresses on carbide improvement by microalloying elements such as N, B, Mg, and rare earth (RE) elements are reviewed. It is reported that Cr promotes the precipitation of M2C, N enhances the formation of fibrous M2C, Mg effectively shatters the large-size carbide grid, Nb refines granular carbide MC, and rare earth elements encourage the formation of M6C, resulting in irregular M2C lamellae. The incorporation of microalloying elements improves the distribution and size of carbides and also refines the solidification structure of high-speed steel.